Models of stem taper and cross-sectional eccentricity for Norway spruce and Scots pine

The objectives of this study were to develop models which describe the external stem shape through longitudinal taper and cross-sectional elliptic models for Norway spruce and Scots pine, taking between-stand, -tree, and within-tree variation into account. The intention has been to develop a system of models which can be used together to generate the detailed data required by sawmill conversion simulation systems based on tree and stand variables.